Inductively heatable components

ABSTRACT

Aspects of the invention are found in a heating component having a composite material coated on a support. The composite material includes a fluorinated or silicone polymer and inductively-heatable particles. Additional aspects of the invention are found in a heating belt having a flexible support coated with a composite material. The composite material includes a polymer material and inductively-heatable particles. Further aspects of the invention are found in a system for heating an article. The system includes a heating belt and a field generator. The heating belt includes a flexible support coated in a composite material. The composite material includes a polymeric matrix and inductively-heatable particles. The field generator induces a field about the heating belt. The inductively-heatable particles heat in the presence of the field.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

The present application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/730,173, filed Dec. 8, 2003 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,323,666, entitled “INDUCTIVELY HEATABLE COMPONENTS,” and naming inventors Peter D. Spohn, Richard G. Hoeck and Satish S. Sharma, which application is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This application in general relates to temperature-controllable induction heating components, systems incorporating inductively-heatable components, and methods for heating articles.

BACKGROUND

Belt systems are used in various industrial heating processes for heat treating articles. These industrial heating applications typically incorporate convective or radiant heaters on one side of the belt apparatus, which heat the belt and in turn heat articles placed on the belt. Such processes have various disadvantages. Generally, such belts are non-conducting or insulating. This insulating effect requires the conductive heaters to be run at undesirably high temperatures in order to achieve the target temperature for treating the article, resulting in a waste of energy and higher processing costs. In addition, these excess temperatures result in belt degradation and, as a result, shorter equipment life cycles.

As such, many typical heating processes suffer from deficiencies such as excess energy usage and belt degradation. Therefore improved heatable components, heating belts, and industrial heating systems are desirable.

SUMMARY

Aspects of the invention are found in a heating belt having a flexible support coated with a composite material. The composite material includes a polymer material and inductively-heatable particles.

Additional aspects of the invention are found in a heating component having a composite material. The composite material includes a fluorinated polymer and inductively-heatable particles.

Other aspects of the invention are found in a heating component having a composite material. The composite material includes a silicone polymer and inductively-heatable particles.

Further aspects of the invention are found in a system for heating an article. The system includes a heating belt and a field generator. The heating belt includes a flexible support coated in a composite material, the composite material including a polymeric matrix and inductively-heatable particles. The field generator induces a field about the heating belt, such that the inductively-heatable particles heat in the presence of the field.

Aspects of the invention are also found in a method for heating an article. The method includes placing the article in proximity to a heating belt and inducing a field about the heating belt. The heating belt includes a flexible support coated in a composite material. The composite material includes a polymeric matrix and inductively-heatable particles. The inductively-heatable particles heat in the presence of the field, thereby heating the article.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary embodiment of a heating belt.

FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C and 3 illustrate cross-sections of exemplary embodiments of heating structures.

FIG. 4 depicts an exemplary heating system.

FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary heating of an article.

FIG. 6 is a block flow diagram depicting an exemplary method for heating an article.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

According to an embodiment of the invention a heating component includes a composite material. The composite material generally includes a polymer matrix and inductively-heatable particles. The polymer matrix may be formed of various polymers including fluorinated polymers such as PTFE and FEP. These inductively-heatable particles may be susceptors, ferromagnetic particles, and other particles that heat in the presence of an electromagnetic field. The composite material may be coated on a support.

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a heating component. The heating component 100 includes a support 102 coated with a composite material 104. In the presence of an electromagnetic field, particles within the composite material 104 heat, resulting in heat transfer through surface 106. As such, surface 106 may be used in various heating processes such as cooking and side-sealing, such as in industrial or commercial settings.

The support 102 may take the form of reinforcement, such as woven materials including fabrics and meshes. For example, the fabric may be a woven fabric or an intermeshing of random fibrous strands. In one exemplary embodiment, the fabric is a woven glass fabric. In other embodiments, the support may include a mesh of ceramic, plastic, or metallic material or sheets of composite materials, among others. The fabric may have flexibility, for those applications that require the heating component to bend or conform to different contours. Alternately, the support 102 may take the form of a substrate, typically a sheet that has sufficient rigidity to provide structural support for mechanical integrity and shape. In some forms, the substrate may be generally planar, which may be particularly useful in cooking applications, to provide a cooking surface. Embodiments may use supports formed of high melting point thermoplastics, such as thermoplastic polyimides, polyether-ether ketones, polyaryl ketones, polyphenylene sulfide, and polyetherimides; thermosetting plastics, particularly of the high temperature capable thermosetting resins, such as polyimides; coated or laminated textiles based on the above thermoplastics or similar thermally stable resins and thermally stable reinforcements such as fiberglass, graphite, polyaramid, and aromatic polyamide; plastic coated metal foil; and metallized or metal foil laminated plastic films. In addition, exemplary embodiments include woven Kevlar®, aramids, and polyesters. Further exemplary supports may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,883,716, U.S. Pat. No. 5,075,065, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,141,800, each of which are included in their entirety by reference.

The support may be coated with a composite material through various techniques such as dip-coating and laminating. In the case of dip-coating, the support material is dipped into a solution containing the components of a composite material. Then, the support coated in the solution is dried, cured, baked, or processed to produce the composite coating. In one exemplary apparatus, a pre-treated carrier belt is dipped through a dispersion of the composite material in a dip pan at the base of a casting tower such that a coating of dispersion forms on the carrier belt. The coated carrier belt then passes through a metering zone in which metering bars remove excess dispersion from the coated carrier belt. After the metering zone, the coated carrier belt passes into a drying zone, which is maintained at a temperature sufficient to remove the carrier liquid from the dispersion, giving rise to a dried film. The carrier belt with the dried film then passes to a bake/fuse zone in which the temperature is sufficient to consolidate or fuse the polymer in the dispersion. Finally, the carrier belt passes through a cooling plenum from which it can be directed either to a subsequent dip pan to begin formation of a further layer of film or to a stripping apparatus. Exemplary dip-coating methods may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,883,716 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,075,065, each of which are included in their entirety by reference. In another embodiment, sheets of composite material are formed and subsequently layered over the support. These sheets may be further processed to bond to the support material.

The composite material generally includes a polymer material and inductively-heatable particles, the composite material forming a matrix material. The polymer may have a carbon chain structure or a silicon chain structure. Carbon chain polymer materials may be any one of or a combination of various polymer materials such as poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK), polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), poly(etherimide) (PEI), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), poly(sulfone) (PSU), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyester, polyamide (PA), polypropylene (PP), polyurethane (PU), polyphenylene oxide (PPO), polycarbonate (PC), PP/MXD6™ (polymer of 1,3-benzenedimethanamine (metaxylenediamine, MXDA) and adipic acid (hereinafter referred to as “mxd”)), PP/ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH), polyethylene (PE), polyimide, polyamide-imide (PAI), and combinations thereof. In addition, carbon based polymers include fluorinated polymers such as fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), hexafluoropropylene (HFP), perfluoropropyl or perfluoromethyl vinyl ether, homo and copolymers having chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE), homo and copolymers having vinylidene fluoride (VF₂), homo and copolymers having vinyl fluoride (VF), perfluoralkoxy (PFA), and combinations thereof. In one exemplary embodiment, a PTFE polymer may include polymeric modifiers, including fluoropolymers, both thermoplastic and elastomeric, such as copolymers having tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), hexafluoropropylene (HFP), perfluoropropyl or perfluoromethyl vinyl ether, homo and copolymers having chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE), homo and copolymers having vinylidene fluoride (VF₂), homo and copolymers having vinyl fluoride (VF), and blends thereof. Exemplary polymer blends are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,141,800, which is included herein in its entirety. In another exemplary embodiment, a carbon based polymer material may be a polyimide.

In a further exemplary embodiment, the polymer may be embodied as silicon based polymer material such as a silicone polymer. For example, the polymer may be formed from a liquid silicone rubber (LSR). An exemplary LSR formulation may comprise vinyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane polymer. The LSR formulation may further include catalysts, fillers, crosslinking agents, inhibitors, pigments, and other additives. The silicone may include a platinum catalyst or an organic peroxide catalyst. Exemplary embodiments of silicone polymers include Wacker Silicones Elastosil® products. Exemplary silicone polymers may be found in the published U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/765,695, which is included herein in its entirety.

The polymer material typically forms a polymer matrix surrounding inductively-heatable particles. These particles may be included in the polymer matrix in amounts between about 10 vol. % and 50 vol. %. For example, the particles may be included in the polymer matrix in amounts between about 25 vol % and 40 vol %.

The inductively-heatable particles are particles that heat in the presence of an electromagnetic field. For example, a field generator containing an induction coil may be used to generate an alternating or oscillating electromagnetic field that causes the inductively-heatable particles to heat. In some exemplary cases the inductively-heatable particles or susceptors heat to a Curie temperature. The particles may be made of various materials in various shapes. Each of these materials in each of various shapes may heat to differing temperatures in the presence of oscillating electromagnetic fields having various characteristics. For example, two or more differing particle species contained in the same heating component may heat to respectively differing temperatures for a given electromagnetic field frequency and power. The particles may be formed of various materials such as ferromagnetic materials. In one exemplary embodiment, the materials may be hexagonal ferrite materials. In other embodiments, the materials may include strontium fluoride, zircalloy (zirconium alloy), and compounds stoichiometrically having two divalent cations combined with one of Ba₁Fe₁₆O₂₆, Ba₂Fe₁₂O₂₂, and Ba₃Fe₂₄O₄₁. Examples of these compounds are shown in Table 1, below. The divalent cations may be magnesium, cobalt, manganese, zinc, or combinations of these, among others. In exemplary embodiments, the inductively-heatable particles may be Triton® Cf-32 or FP350 by Powdertech Corp.

TABLE 1 Co₂Ba₁Fe₁₆O₂₆ Co₂Ba₂Fe₁₂O₂₂ Co₂Ba₃Fe₂₄O₄₁ Co₁Zn₁Ba₁Fe₁₆O₂₆ Co₁Zn₁Ba₂Fe₁₂O₂₂ Co₁Zn₁Ba₃Fe₂₄O₄₁ Mg₂Ba₁Fe₁₆O₂₆ Mg₂Ba₂Fe₁₂O₂₂ Mg₂Ba₃Fe₂₄O₄₁ Mg₁Zn₁Ba₁Fe₁₆O₂₆ Mg₁Zn₁Ba₂Fe₁₂O₂₂ Mg₁Zn₁Ba₃Fe₂₄O₄₁ Mn₂Ba₁Fe₁₆O₂₆ Mn₂Ba₂Fe₁₂O₂₂ Mn₂Ba₃Fe₂₄O₄₁ Mn₁Zn₁Ba₁Fe₁₆O₂₆ Mn₁Zn₁Ba₂Fe₁₂O₂₂ Mn₁Zn₁Ba₃Fe₂₄O₄₁

Referring back to FIG. 1, the surface 106 may be used to heat various articles. For example, the heating component 100 may be used as a cooking belt. Food articles such as meat patties, whole or partial chicken breasts, chicken nuggets, baked goods, bacon, baked snacks, and others, may be cooked on the surface 106. In another example, a package may be sealed through heat from the surface 106, as in the form of a side sealing belt. Such packages may be wrapped in a thermoplastic that shrinks and/or melts to fit the package when subjected to heat. In a further example, the surface 106 may be used as an inductively-heated nonstick cooking surface, an industrial grill, or an industrial side sealing apparatus, among others.

FIG. 2A illustrates a cross-section of an exemplary heating component. The heating component 200 includes support 202 coated in a polymer matrix 204. Included in the polymer matrix are susceptors or inductively-heatable particles 206. The heating component may also include additional layers 208, described in more detail below.

The support 202 may take various forms including fabrics, meshes or sheets of material, as noted above. The support may be a reinforcement such as a woven sheet or a substrate such as a planar sheet. In one exemplary embodiment, the support 202 is a woven fabric formed of glass fibers, Kevlar®, aramids, or polyesters. Alternately, a mesh of plastic, metal, ceramics, or other materials may be used.

The polymer matrix 204 may be formed with various polymers having a carbon chain structure or a silicon chain structure. Carbon chain polymer materials may be any one of or a combination of various polymer materials such as poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK), polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), poly(etherimide) (PEI), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), poly(sulfone) (PSU), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyester, polyamide (PA), polypropylene (PP), polyurethane (PU), polyphenylene oxide (PPO), polycarbonate (PC), PP/MXD6™, PP/ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH), polyethylene (PE), polyimide, polyamide-imide (PAI), and combinations thereof. In addition, carbon based polymers include fluorinated polymers such as fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), hexafluoropropylene (HFP), perfluoropropyl or perfluoromethyl vinyl ether, homo and copolymers having chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE), homo and copolymers having vinylidene fluoride (VF₂), homo and copolymers having vinyl fluoride (VF), perfluoralkoxy (PFA), and combinations thereof. In one exemplary embodiment, a PTFE polymer may include polymeric modifiers, including fluoropolymers, both thermoplastic and elastomeric, such as copolymers having tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), hexafluoropropylene (HFP), perfluoropropyl or perfluoromethyl vinyl ether, homo and copolymers having chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE), homo and copolymers having vinylidene fluoride (VF₂), homo and copolymers having vinyl fluoride (VF), and blends thereof. Exemplary polymer blends are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,141,800, which is included herein in its entirety. In another exemplary embodiment, a carbon based polymer material may be a polyimide. The polymer may alternately comprise a silicone polymer such as a vinyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane.

The susceptors or inductively-heatable particles 206 may take various forms such as ferromagnetic materials, hexagonal ferrites, zircalloy, and others. In some embodiments, the materials may include strontium fluoride, zircalloy, and compounds stoichiometrically having two divalent cations combined with one of Ba₁Fe₁₆O₂₆, Ba₂Fe₁₂O₂₂, and Ba₃Fe₂₄O₄₁. The divalent cations may be magnesium, cobalt, manganese, zinc, or combinations of these, among others. These particles may be incorporated in to the polymer matrix in amounts within a range of about 10 vol. % and 50 vol. %, such as about 20 vol. % to 50 vol. % or a narrower range of about 25 vol. % to 40 vol. %. In addition, various combinations of particles having different compositions and/or different particle shapes and sizes may be included in the polymer matrix 204.

The additional layer 208 may take various forms such as a polymer coating, or an insulating coating, among others. For example, in a cooking application, the additional layer 208 may be used to isolate food from the inductively-heated particles. The additional layer 208 may be formed of polymers having a carbon chain structure or a silicon chain structure. Carbon chain polymer materials may be any one of or a combination of various polymer materials such as poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK), polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), poly(etherimide) (PEI), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), poly(sulfone) (PSU), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyester, polyamide (PA), polypropylene (PP), polyurethane (PU), polyphenylene oxide (PPO), polycarbonate (PC), PP/MXD6™, PP/ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH), polyethylene (PE), polyimide, polyamide-imide (PAI), and combinations thereof. In addition, carbon based polymers include fluorinated polymers such as fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), hexafluoropropylene (HFP), perfluoropropyl or perfluoromethyl vinyl ether, homo and copolymers having chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE), homo and copolymers having vinylidene fluoride (VF₂), homo and copolymers having vinyl fluoride (VF), perfluoralkoxy (PFA), and combinations thereof. In one exemplary embodiment, a PTFE polymer may include polymeric modifiers, including fluoropolymers, both thermoplastic and elastomeric, such as copolymers having tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), hexafluoropropylene (HFP), perfluoropropyl or perfluoromethyl vinyl ether, homo and copolymers having chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE), homo and copolymers having vinylidene fluoride (VF₂), homo and copolymers having vinyl fluoride (VF), and blends thereof. Exemplary polymer blends are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,141,800, which is included herein in its entirety. In another exemplary embodiment, a carbon based polymer material may be a polyimide. The polymer may alternately comprise a silicone polymer such as a vinyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane.

The additional layer 208 may be formed on either or both sides of the heating component. The layer formed on an active surface may differ in composition from a layer formed on an inactive surface. The additional layer may also be textured, shaped, grooved, form cleats, or effectively form various surface structures. The polymer matrix 204 may also be shaped.

The inductively-heatable particles 206 may heat in the presence of an alternating electromagnetic field to a Curie temperature. Depending upon various factors such as particle type, size, shape and characteristics of the induced electromagnetic field, the inductively-heatable particles may heat to between 60° C. and 750° C., and preferably between 60° C. and 325° C.

FIG. 2B depicts an alternate embodiment in which the inductively-heatable particles 206 are incorporated in the polymer matrix 204 to one side of the support or reinforcement 202 and not the other. This embodiment also depicts an additional layer 210 formed on an opposite major surface to that of layer 208. The additional layer 210 may be formed of an insulating material functioning to reduce heat flow through one surface. Heat primarily flows through or from an opposite major surface, the active heating surface. In this way, the thermal efficiency of the component may be enhanced. The additional layer 210 may be formed of insulating materials such as fiberglass fabrics, among others.

FIG. 2C depicts a further exemplary embodiment in which the inductively heatable particles are located to one side of reinforcement 202. The reinforcement 202 may, in some embodiments, act as an insulator functioning to reduce heat flow through the surface on the opposite layer 208.

In one exemplary embodiment, polymer matrix 204 may comprise PTFE and layer 208 may comprise silicone. In another exemplary embodiment, polymer matrix 204 may comprises silicone and layer 208 may comprise PTFE.

FIG. 3 illustrates an alternate embodiment of a heating component 300. The heating component 300 includes a support layer 302 and a polymer matrix layer 304. Inductively-heatable particles 306 reside in the polymer matrix layer 304. An additional layer 308 may also be included in the heating component 300.

The support layer 302 may be a substrate sheet of material, such as those support materials described above. Polymer matrix material may be layered or coated over the sheet 302. In one exemplary embodiment, the polymer matrix material comprises a fluorinated polymers such as fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), or perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), and combinations thereof. The polymer matrix material may be a blend comprising fluorinated polymer. In a further exemplary embodiment, the polymer matrix material may include a silicone polymer. The additional layer 308 may be further coated over the polymer matrix layer 304, in accordance with the additional layers described above. In an alternate embodiment, another layer (not shown) may be coated on the opposite side of the support 302 from the polymer matrix layer 304 and may, for example, comprise insulating material. The heating component in this embodiment may take on the form of a generally planar sheet, for example. Such sheets can be used for commercial cooking applications, and be suitably rigid for such applications.

While as described above in accordance with FIGS. 1-3, a reinforcement layer or support layer is provided, in certain applications, such layers may not be utilized. For example, in contrast to FIG. 3, support layer 302 may be eliminated, such that the polymer matrix is substantially self-supporting and free standing. In addition to the embodiments described in relation to FIGS. 1-3, the material may be formed in to various objects, such as tubes, cylinders, and containers of various shapes. In an alternate embodiment, these objects of various shapes may be formed with a reinforcement layer or reinforcement material.

The heating components may be used in a heating belt structure as illustrated in FIG. 4. The system 400 includes a belt 402 and an inductive field generator 406. The belt 402 includes a flexible support, coated in a composite material. The composite material generally includes a polymer matrix and inductively-heatable particles. In the presence of an alternating electromagnetic field, the inductively-heatable particles heat to a Curie temperature. The Curie temperature may be influenced by the characteristics of the inductively-heatable particles and those characteristics of the inductive electromagnetic field. The control unit 410 may be used to influence the field generated by the field generator 406.

As shown in the particular embodiment, the belt 402 forms a closed loop belt. The closed loop belt is wrapped around drums 404. Typically, the heating belt is flexible to allow routing around the drums and continual rotational movement around the drums. The coated flexible support may constitute a portion of the belt or substantially the entirety of the belt. The belt may include other portions such as a lacing or clasp mechanism 408. The clasp or lacing 408 may or may not be influenced by the inductive electromagnetic field.

The field generator 406 may take various forms, and may include a coil. The field generator 406 may be configured to produce a field in a specific direction. Alternately, a portion of the belt loop may be shielded from the electromagnetic field. The controller 410 coupled to the inductive field generator 406 may vary characteristics of the induced electromagnetic field such that a desired temperature is achieved in the inductively-heatable particles of the belt 402, and accordingly, the target temperature of the belt itself and/or the active surface of the belt.

Alternately, a field generator may be used in conjunction with a sheet of composite material comprising a polymer matrix and the inductively-heatable particles. The sheet of composite material may or may not include a support.

Articles may be placed on, in, in contact with, or in proximity to the heating component. FIG. 5 depicts exemplary arrangements for heating an article 502. For example, the article 502 may be placed on the heating element 504. In alternate embodiments, heating components 506, 508 and 510 may be placed separately or in combinations about the article 502. For example, an article 502 may be placed on a belt 504 and an additional heating belt 508 may be placed above the article 502. In a further embodiment, belts 506 and 510 may be placed to the side of article 502.

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary method for heating an article. At step 602, the article is placed about a heating component. The heating component may for example be a heating belt. The heating belt may be formed with a flexible support structure and a polymer matrix surrounding inductively-heatable particles. For example, an article may be placed on a heating belt. The article may be a food item or a package. At step 604, an electromagnetic field may be induced about the heating belt. The inductively-heatable particles may heat in the presence of the electromagnetic field, as shown at step 606, and thereby heat the article.

EXAMPLES Example 1

An aqueous slurry of S-35 Smart Bond Additive from Triton Systems, Inc. was made by blending 500 grams of S-35 with 25 grams of Rohm & Haas Tamol® 731, 13 grams of Triton® Cf-32 and 462 grams of deionized water. 480 grams of this slurry was then blended with 780 grams of Dyneon THV 340C to produce a formulation with a pigment to resin ratio of 38:62.

This formulation was used to coat a woven fiberglass fabric, Style 1080 from BGF Industries. The initial weight of the fabric is 1.4 oz/yd2. The fabric was dipped into the formulation and the excess coating was removed by wiping between two smooth 0.5″ metering bars. This fabric was then dried for 2 minutes at 125° C. and then baked for 30 seconds at 200° C. This process was repeated for a total of 3 times to produce a coated fabric weighing 6 oz/yd2.

The laminated fabric was then placed in a 4 MHz induction field in order to heat the coated fabric. This demonstrated the ability of the induction field to heat the fabric.

Example 2

The base woven fiberglass Style 7628 from BGF Industries was coated with DuPont Teflon® T-30B to an approximate weight of 12 oz/yd2. A 1-oz/yd2 tie-layer of 50:50 T-30B and THV340C was then dip coated on top of the PTFE coating using the same metering technique described in Example 1. This coating was dried for 2 minutes at 125° C. and then baked for 1 minute at 380° C. Then the S-35/THV formulation from Example 1 was coated on one face of this fabric. Placing it on a flat horizontal surface and applying the coating with a #20 wire-wound 0.5″ Meyer rod coated the fabric. The coating was then dried for 2 minutes at 125° C. and then baked for 1 minute at 200° C. Two layers of coating were applied using this process to create a coating of approximately 3 oz/yd2. The laminated fabric was then placed in a 4 MHz induction field in order to heat the coated fabric. This demonstrated the ability of the induction field to heat the fabric.

Example 3

A compound was made using a laboratory twin-rotor mixer with roller type rotors (Prep Mixer, C. W. Brabender Instrument Corp.). The Brabender was operated at 600 degrees F. and 200 RPM. The compound consists of Daikin FEP NP20 and 37% by weight of FP350 by Powdertech Corp., Valpariso, Ind.

The compound was then compression molded into 4″×4″×0.007″ thick films using a Carver press operated at 600 degrees F. and 1000 PSI. The film was cut into 1″ squares. The film was placed in a 4 MHz induction field. The film became very hot while in the field indicating that the induction field was heating the film.

Example 4

A roll of 96.5 cm (38 inch) wide, 203 g/m2 (6 ounce per square yard) (“osy”) fiberglass fabric, industry style no. 7628, with most of the sizing removed by caramelization (210 finish) is coated by being drawn, at a rate of about 0.02 to 0.03 m/s (4 to 6 feet per minute), through a bath of an LSR formulation composed of 50 parts by weight each of Wacker Silicones Elastosil<LR6289A and LR6289B and about 12 parts by weight of a red iron oxide masterbatch containing about 35 percent iron oxide and about 65 percent vinyl terminated silicone polymer.

The LSR formulation is composed of 50 pbw of Dow Corning Corporation 9252-500P Part A and 50 pbw of 9252-500P Part B. Part A contains a platinum catalyst and Part B contains a crosslinker and a cure inhibitor that is removed by heating. The formulation also contains 75 pbw of a metal oxide mixture prepared to function as an inductive heating susceptor. The metal oxide mixture was purchased from Powdertech Corp., Valpariso, Ind., identified as product number FP350. The formulation viscosity is 50000 centipoise (Brookfield RV viscometer, No. 6 spindle at 10 rpm).

All components of the LSR formulation were certified by their manufacturers to comply with the requirements of 21 C.F.R. §177.2600 for rubber articles intended for food contact applications. After the saturated and coated web emerges from the bath, the excess formulation is removed by drawing the web between two cylindrical wiper bars spaced about 0.38 mm (0.015 inch) apart. One bar is smooth; the other bar has incorporated regularly spaced circumferential turned grooves 3.17 mm (0.125 inch) wide and 3.17 mm (0.125 inch) deep on 25.4 mm (1 inch) centers. As the web is drawn between these bars and excess material is removed, a smooth surface is produced on one face by the smooth bar, and a smooth surface broken by parallel, longitudinal ribs or ribs is produced on the opposite face by the grooved bar. The web is then drawn through a tower oven supplied with air at about 177° C. (350° F.) to heat the LSR formulation sufficiently to remove the inhibitor and allow it to cure. The finished material weighs about 16 osy. The thickness in the smooth areas is about 0.3 mm (0.012 inch). The ribs on the face containing them are lenticular in cross section; they stand about 0.63 mm (0.025 inch) high above the smooth surface and are about 5 mm (0.2 inch) wide at the base.

A conveyor belt cover for use over a wire belt and to contact food items is constructed from the material produced as follows. Using cuts perpendicular to the longitudinal dimension of the finished material, a length of material corresponding to the width of the desired belt is cut from the web. As the finished belt is to be about 279 mm (11 inches) wide and about 83.8 cm (33 inches) long, the length cut from the 96.5 cm (38 inch) wide web is 279 mm (11 inches). The parallel, straight ribs, longitudinal on the web as it was coated, are now perpendicular to the longitudinal dimension of the belt to be constructed. Likewise, the sinusoidal ribs now also follow lines generally perpendicular to the longitudinal dimension of the belt. The piece is then cut to 838 cm (33 inches) and the belt is finished with the attachment of appropriate reinforcement material, lacings, and flaps to the narrow ends. This belt is placed in a food cooking or toasting apparatus and as the food is being conveyed by the belt the belt is placed in an inductive field. This inductive field heats the belt, which in turn cooks or toasts the food that is in contact with it.

Example 5

A length or “web” of DuPont Kapton® polyimide film 0.005 inches thick, which henceforth will be called the “carrier”, is dip-coated on both faces with a film of polytetrafluoroethylene resin (PTFE) 0.001 inches thick, using a vertical coating tower typical of those used in the PTFE processing industry to coat fiberglass fabric, as follows:

The polyimide film carrier is drawn off a supply roll and passes under an idler roll or so-called “dip bar” two inches in diameter immersed in a bath of PTFE aqueous dispersion, the carrier entering and exiting the bath in an more-or-less vertical orientation. The PTFE aqueous dispersion is Fluon® AD1 LN, manufactured by Asahi Glass Fluoropolymers, USA Inc., modified by the addition of 0.5 percent, Zonyl® FSO, a fluorosurfactant manufactured by DuPont (A.I. duPont de Nemours and Company), to lower its surface tension ensuring uniform wetting of the carrier surface. The mixture is reduced with deionized water to 1.38 specific gravity. The carrier is drawn through the bath and the coating tower at 16 feet per minute (fpm).

The carrier emerging from the bath, covered with an excess of PTFE dispersion, passes through a pair of wire-wound-type metering rods to remove the excess dispersion and leave the amount desired on the surfaces of the carrier. The metering rods are about 0.5 inches in diameter and wound with wire 0.025 inches diameter. The rods are rotated to enhance coating uniformity. The rods are oriented parallel to the plane of the web and perpendicular to the direction of web travel. They are positioned about 2 inches apart and offset from the centerline of the film path 0.3 inches, one contacting each face, so that the film passing between them is deflected in a zigzag or so-called “S” wrap.

The carrier, now coated on both faces with a liquid film of aqueous PTFE dispersion, next passes through the 6 foot long hot-air drying zone of the coating tower to remove the water from the dispersion. The air temperature is 250° F. (120° C.), chosen to dry the dispersion completely in the 20-second residence time in the drying zone, but not so rapidly as to cause blisters, cracks, or other defects that would disrupt the integrity and uniformity of the dried coating. The carrier exits the drying oven or zone with a coalesced film of PTFE particles and surfactant on both faces.

The carrier lastly passes through a 6-foot long baking/fusing zone, operating at an air temperature of 630° F. (332° C.) with supplemental radiant heaters operated at 1200° F. (649° C.), the radiant heaters facing both sides of the web 6 inches from the web path. In this zone the surfactant remaining in the dried film is removed and the PTFE particles are subsequently fused or sintered to form a continuous film of pure PTFE.

The carrier emerging from the process is now coated with a film of PTFE 0.0002 to 0.0003 inches thick adhering to both its faces. The carrier, now bearing the thin PTFE film, is returned to the process described above and a second thin layer of PTFE is applied, increasing the overall thickness of the PTFE film adhering to each face to about 0.0005 inches. Repeating the procedure two more times increases the thickness of the PTFE film adhered to each face to about 0.001 inches.

The outermost faces of the PTFE films adhering to the carrier are next coated with a mixture of colloidal silica and a melt-processable perfluoropolymer to convert the low-energy, non-reactive PTFE surface to a surface to which an adhesive bond may be achieved. The bondable layer is applied using the process for application of the PTFE layers described above, but in this case the coating fluid is a mixture of 17.5 parts by weight (pbw) of DuPont TE-9503, an aqueous dispersion of fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer (FEP), 35.5 pbw of W. R. Grace Ludox® LS 30 colloidal silica dispersion, and 4.6 pbw of Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. Triton® X-100 nonionic surfactant, the mixture reduced with deionized water to 1.13 specific gravity. The remainder of the process is identical to the one previously described, except the web speed was 12 fpm and the air temperature in the baking/fusing zone was 615° F. (324° C.).

In the next step the now bondable outermost faces of the PTFE films adhering to the carrier are coated with a layer of liquid silicone rubber (LSR) in which a textile reinforcement is embedded. The process is similar to the one already described, employing the same coating tower and equipment, but the web speed is slower, 5 fpm, and it incorporates the additional operation of embedding the reinforcement. As before, the carrier is drawn through a reservoir of the fluid to be applied, however in this step the fluid is a 100 percent-solids liquid silicone rubber (LSR) formulation.

The LSR formulation is composed of 50 pbw of Dow Corning Corporation 9252-500P Part A and 50 pbw of 9252-500P Part B. Part A contains a platinum catalyst and Part B contains a crosslinker and a cure inhibitor that is removed by heating. The formulation also contains 75 pbw of a metal oxide mixture prepared to function as an inductive heating susceptor. The metal oxide mixture was purchased from Powdertech Corp., Valpariso, Ind., identified as product number FP350. The formulation viscosity is 50000 centipoise (Brookfield RV viscometer, No. 6 spindle at 10 rpm).

The web emerging from the reservoir, oriented vertically and moving upward, coated with an excess of the LSR formulation, passes between metering bars consisting of two horizontally-opposed two-inch-diameter precision steel rods clamped 0.015 inches apart to form a fixed gap. The thickness of the LSR coating on each face of the carrier after passing between the metering bars is 0.003 inches.

The carrier immediately encounters a second pair of horizontally-opposed two-inch-diameter rods, here not spaced a fixed distance apart but forced against each other with a loading of about 0.2 pounds force per inch of length (0.2 lbf/in, 0.35N/cm), free to move apart horizontally as necessary to accommodate changes in the overall thickness of the web passing between them. At the point where the carrier enters the nip between these two rods, lengths or webs of textile reinforcement, a stitch-bonded, non-woven, polyester fabric weighing 3.0 ounces/square yard (osy), available from Superior Fabrics, Inc., Pompano Beach, Fla., 33069 as “Supreme 3-18 Gauge”, are introduced into the nip on both faces of the carrier and are pressed into the uncured LSR as the three webs pass through the nip.

The web, now comprising the carrier with layers of PTFE film, uncured LSR formulation, and reinforcement adhering to both faces, is drawn into the oven. In this step, the oven is not divided into drying and baking zones, but is operated throughout its 12 foot length at 350° F. (177° C.), with no radiant supplement. In the oven an inhibitor is decomposed and/or driven off, freeing the platinum catalyst, allowing the LSR to cure or crosslink. The web emerging from the oven consists of the carrier with a length of finished product adhering to each face. In the final step of the process two lengths of finished product are stripped off the carrier, each equal in length to the length of the carrier.

The finished product is an asymmetric flexible composite with soft hand and exceptional tear resistance, about 0.017 inches thick and weighing about 7.7 osy. The product has sufficient physical integrity that it is virtually impossible to separate its components, even by destroying it. The PTFE coating on the working face is in intimate contact with and strongly bonded to the silicone rubber component, which in turn impregnates and is inseparable from the face of the reinforcement to which it is bonded. The opposite, non-working face is not coated or impregnated with silicone rubber and essentially retains its original textile nature. The film was placed in a 4 MHz induction field. The film became very hot while in the field indicating that the induction field was heating the film.

Example 6

One face of a roll of commercially available PTFE/glass fabric (Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Basic 5), containing style 2116 glass fabric as a reinforcement and comprised of about 50 percent by weight PTFE resin and 50 percent by weight glass, was rendered bondable by applying a mixture of colloidal silica dispersion (W. R. Grace Ludox® 40), PFA fluoropolymer resin solution (Dupont TE-9946), surfactants, stabilizers, and water; wiping off the excess; drying; baking; and fusing. The fabric weighed about 5.4 ounces per square yard (osy) and was about 0.005 inches thick.

Using conventional PTFE tower-coating equipment, a coating of an LSR formulation identical to that used in the previous example again containing about 75 parts by weight of the inductive heating susceptor, was applied to the bondable face of the Chemglas Basic 5. The tower was operated to provide conditions of time and temperature sufficient to cause the rubber to cure. The end result was a composite with a smooth, glossy coating of silicone rubber on one face and a PTFE surface on the opposite face. The whole weighed about 7.5 osy. The silicone rubber coating was about 0.002 inches thick and is strongly adhered. The composite lays flat and can be handled easily without curling. The film was placed in a 4 MHz induction field. The film became very hot while in the field indicating that the induction field was heating the film. 

1. A heating component comprising: an insulating material; and a composite material coating the insulating material, the composite material comprising a fluorinated polymer and inductively-heatable particles.
 2. The heating component of claim 1, wherein the fluorinated polymer is selected from the group consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), hexafluoropropylene (HFP), or perfluoropropyl or perfluoromethyl vinyl ether, homo and copolymers having chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE), homo and copolymers having vinylidene fluoride (VF₂), homo and copolymers having vinyl fluoride (VF), and combinations thereof.
 3. The heating component of claim 1, wherein the fluorinated polymer comprises polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
 4. The heating component of claim 3, wherein the fluorinated polymer comprises blends of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) with polymeric modifiers selected from the group consisting of copolymers having tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), hexafluoropropylene (HFP), or perfluoropropyl or perfluoromethyl vinyl ether, homo and copolymers having chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE), homo and copolymers having vinylidene fluoride (VF₂), homo and copolymers having vinyl fluoride (VF), and combinations thereof.
 5. The heating component of claim 1, wherein the fluorinated polymer comprises fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP).
 6. The heating component of claim 1, wherein the fluorinated polymer comprises perfluoroalkoxy (PFA).
 7. The heating component of claim 1, wherein the inductively-heatable particles comprise between about 10 volume percent and about 50 volume percent of the composite material.
 8. The heating component of claim 1, wherein the heating component is a generally planar sheet defining a cooking surface.
 9. A heating component comprising: a first layer comprising a fluoropolymer and inductively-heatable particles dispersed in the fluoropolymer; and a second layer overlying and adhered to the first layer, the second layer comprising a silicone polymer.
 10. The heating component of claim 9, further comprising an insulation layer, the first layer overlying the insulation layer.
 11. The heating component of claim 10, wherein the insulation layer includes fiberglass.
 12. The heating component of claim 9, further comprising a flexible support comprising a fabric.
 13. The heating component of claim 12, wherein the fabric is a woven fabric.
 14. The heating component of claim 12, wherein the fabric is a textile based on a thermally stable reinforcement selected from the group consisting of fiberglass, graphite, and polyaramide.
 15. The heating component of claim 12, wherein the heating component forms a closed loop belt.
 16. The heating component of claim 15, wherein the second layer forms an inwardly facing layer of the closed loop belt.
 17. The heating component of claim 9, wherein the fluorinated polymer is selected from the group consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), hexafluoropropylene (HFP), or perfluoropropyl or perfluoromethyl vinyl ether, homo and copolymers having chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE), homo and copolymers having vinylidene fluoride (VF₂), homo and copolymers having vinyl fluoride (VF), and combinations thereof.
 18. The heating component of claim 9, wherein the fluorinated polymer comprises polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
 19. The heating component of claim 18, wherein the fluorinated polymer comprises blends of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) with polymeric modifiers selected from the group consisting of a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), hexafluoropropylene (HFP), or perfluoropropyl or perfluoromethyl vinyl ether, homo and copolymers having chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE), homo and copolymers having vinylidene fluoride (VF₂), homo and copolymers having vinyl fluoride (VF), and combinations thereof.
 20. The heating component of claim 9, wherein the fluorinated polymer comprises fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP).
 21. The heating component of claim 9, wherein the fluorinated polymer comprises perfluoroalkoxy (PFA).
 22. The heating component of claim 9, wherein the inductively-heatable particles comprise between about 10 volume percent and about 50 volume percent of the first layer.
 23. A heating belt comprising: a flexible support having first and second major surfaces; a first layer disposed over the first major surface of the flexible support, the first layer comprising a fluoropolymer and inductively heatable particles dispersed in the fluoropolymer; and a second layer disposed over the second major surface of the flexible support, the second layer comprising silicone.
 24. The heating belt of claim 23, wherein the heating belt forms a closed loop.
 25. The heating belt of claim 23, wherein the flexible support comprises a fabric.
 26. The heating belt of claim 25, wherein the fabric is a woven fabric.
 27. The heating belt of claim 23, wherein the fluoropolymer comprises PTFE.
 28. The heating belt of claim 23, further comprising a third layer disposed on an opposite surface of the first layer relative to the flexible support.
 29. The heating belt of claim 28, wherein the third layer comprises silicone. 